History of computers

1.In 1971, Intel issued a series MCS4 processor that is the forerunner of the i4040 processor. 4-bit processor is planned to be a brain calculator, the same year (1971), made revisions to the intel i440. Originally ordered by a Japanese company to manufacture calculators, it is much more powerful processors than expected, so Intel bought the rights to those of Japanese companies for the development and further research. This is where the precursor to the development towards a computer processor.

2. In 1972 appeared the first i8008 8 bit processor, but somewhat less preferred because multivoltage and emerging i8080 processor, here there are so triple voltage changes, use of technology NMOS (PMOS no longer), and introduced the first system clock generator (pake chip additional), packaged in a DIP 40 pins Array. Then came also processor2: Motorola MC6800 -1974, -1976 Zilog Z80 from (the two rivals), and processor - other processor 6500 series MOST-made, Rockwell, Hyundai, WDC, NCR and so on. Z80 full compatible with the i8008 only up to the machine language level. Different levels of language assemblies (not compatible software level). I8080 processor is a processor with 8-bit internal registers, an 8-bit external bus, and 20-bit memory addressing (you can access 1 MB of total memory), and operating mode REAL.
3. In 1977 appeared 8085 processor type, clock generator onprocessor, the use of single embryo bakalnya voltage +5 V (the implementation of s / d 486DX2, DX4 from +3.3 V pd ff).4. In 1978 appeared i8086 processor, this processor has a register 16-bit external data bus, 16-bit and 20-bit memory addressing. This processor is also equipped with HMOS technology, components supporting 16-bit bus is very rare, so the price becomes very expensive.5. To answer the growing market demands, then remove the processor type Intel i8088 internal bus 16bit, 8bit external bus. So that the i8088 can use 8bit peripheral components used i8008. IBM chose this chip for the IBM PC pebuatan because it is cheaper than the i8086. If only IBM's CEO at that time did not express PC side was a mere dream, of course, IBM will dominate the total PC market today. IBM PC first release in August 1981 has 3 versions of the IBM PC, IBM PC and IBM PC-Jr-XT (eXtended Technology). I8088 is a very popular chip, until the NEC unveiled a chip that is built based on the specifications of this chip pin, which is named V20 and V30. NEC V20 and V30 is compatible with Intel processors up to the assembly language level (software). 8088 and 8086 chip fully compatible with programs created for the 8080 chip, although there may be some programs that are made for 8086 does not work on 8088 chip (bus width difference)6. In the next year Intel i80186 and issue i80188 processor type. Since the advent i80186 processor type, processor began packaged in PLCC, LCC and PGA 68 feet .. physically i80186 square-shaped with 17 foot precision (PLCC / LCC) or two rows of foot-precision (PGA) and the start of this i80186 chip DMA and interrupt controller integrated into the processor. since using the 286, IBM uses the term computer IBM PC-AT (Advanced Technology) and has become a popular use of the term PersonalSystem (PS / 1). And also became known use 16-bit ISA slot that was developed from 8-bit ISA slot, the Cloner started popping crowded. There are AMD, Harris & MOS is fully compatible with Intel. In 286 it became known the use of Protected Virtual Adress Mode which allows for multitasking time sharing (via hardware resetting).7. Then to reach the lost momentum of the i8086 chip, Intel makes i80286, processor registers, 16-bit external bus 16-bit, protected mode is limited, known as the STANDARD mode using 24-bit memory addressing that can access a maximum of 16 MB of memory. 80 286 chips is of course fully compatible with the 808x series chips before, with the addition of several new instruction set. Unfortunately, this chip has a few bugs in its hardware design, thus failing to gather followers.8. In 1985, Intel unveiled the design of an entirely new processor: i80386. A 32-bit processor, in a sense has a register 32-bit external data bus, 32-bit, and maintain compatibility with previous generation processors, with the introduction of an additional 32-BIT PROTECTED mode for 32-bit memory addressing, is able to access a maximum of 4 GB, and do not forget the extra few new instructions. The chip is packaged in a PGA start (Pin Grid Array). Intel processors up to this point has not been used internally FPU unit. To support FPU, Intel launched a series of 80 × 87. Since the 386 is starting to emerge Cloner processor: AMD, Cyrix, NGen, TI, IIT, IBM (Blue Lightning) etc., various kinds:i80386 DX (full 32 bit)i80386 SX (cheap because of external 16bit)i80486 DX (int 487)i80486 SX (487 disabled)Cx486 DLC (using MB 386DX, as well as others)Cx486 SLC (using MB 386SX)i80486DX2i80486DX2 ODPCx486DLC2 (architecture MB 386)Cx486SLC2 (architecture MB 386)i80486DX4i80486DX4 ODPi80486SX2PentiumPentium ODP9. Around 1989, Intel launched i80486DX. Which is certainly very popular series, this series increased to 80 386 series is the speed and FPU support internal and clock multiplier scheme (series i486DX2 and iDX4), without additional new instructions. Due to public demand for cheaper processors, Intel launched a series i80486SX that no other processor FPU i80486DX the circuit has been disabled. As they should, i80486DX series has full compatibility with chip-chip instruction set of the previous series. AMD and Cyrix then buy i80386 processor design and i80486DX to make Intel-compatible processors, and they proved very successful. In my opinion this is called the 'cloning', just as stories NEC V20 and V30. AMD and Cyrix did not do a vertical design process (based on a previous series of chip), but based on an existing chip design to create a chip that class.
10. In 1993, and Intel launched the Pentium processor. Increase of i80486: PGA structure is larger (higher speed, and pipelining, WITHOUT new instructions.

 Nothing special about this chip, only the fact that the VLB standard created for i80486 does not match (it is not compatible) so that the chipset makers forced to redesign to support PCI. Intel Pentium to use the term to "drag" his rivals. Since the Pentium is the Cloner start "falling out" stay AMD, Cyrix. Intel uses the term Intel Pentium lost in court because of a patent. the reason the numbers can not be patented , because it uses Intel Pentium TM issue. AMD + Cyrix did not want to fall behind, they issued a standard Pentium Rating (PR) earlier in the year had 92 intel collaboration with Sun, but failed, and Intel was sued by Sun for allegedly copying the design of Sun. Since the Pentium, Intel has implemented the ability Pipelining is usually no diprocessor cuman RISC (RISC like SunSparc). Vesa Local Bus is the development of a 32bit ISA 16bit architecture uses a fixed clock because it has its own clock generator (typically> 33MHz), while the PCI architecture is a new architecture that speeds Processor clock speeds clocknya follow (usually half the speed of processor speed) .. so the relative speed PCI VGA Card will not be the same at different frequencies alias MHz processor the faster MHz processor, the faster PCI his11. In 1995, the emergence of the Pentium Pro. Innovation disatukannya cache memory into the processor demand made socket 8. Pin-pin processor is divided into two groups: one group for the cache memory, and one group left to its own processor, which is nothing more than pin-pin Pentium altered its composition. Processor design allows a higher efficiency when handling 32-bit instructions, but if there is a 16-bit instructions appearing in 32-bit instruction cycle, then the processor will do the emptying of the cache so that the execution is slow. There's only one instruction is added: CMOV (Conditional MOVE).12. In 1996, the Pentium MMX. In fact nothing more than a Pentium with additional units and additional instruction set, ie MMX. Intel still has not provided a clear definition of the term MMX. Multi Media Extension is a term used AMD. There are some limitations on the design of this chip: for MMX module added only just into the design without redesign Pentium, Intel was forced to make the unit perform MMX and FPU sharing, in the sense that when the active FPU MMX non-active, and vice versa. So the Pentium MMX mode is not compatible with the Pentium MMX. What about the AMD K5? AMD K5-PR75 is actually a 'clone' i80486DX with the internal speed of 133MHz and 33MHz bus clock. Specifications Pentium AMD gained when designing the next versions K5 and Cyrix when designing a 6 × 86 is limited to the pin-pin Pentium specifications. They were not given access to the original design. Even IBM can not afford to make Intel budge (Cyrix, IBM has a contract until the year tied with 2005). About the design of AMD K6, K6 did you know that's actually the design of NexGen? When Intel declared making unit MMX, AMD is looking design and add it to the K6 MMX. Unfortunately, the specifications are obtained MMX AMD Intel seems not to be used, since proved to have many ketidakkompatibilitas K6 MMX instructions with Pentium MMX.13. In 1997, Intel launched the Pentium II, Pentium Pro with MMX technology which has two innovations: the cache memory does not become one with the core processor like the Pentium Pro, but is outside the core but works with processor speed. Innovation is what causes the loss of deficiency Pentium Pro (problems emptying the cache) The second innovation, the SEC (Single Edge Cartidge), Why? Since we can install the Pentium Pro processor in slot SEC with the help of a special adapter. Addendum: since L2 cache onprocessor, then speed = speed of the processor cache, whereas for PII its cache in the "outside" (using the processor module), then the speed is half the processor speed. Also mentioned the use of the PII Slot 1 for several reasons:I. Widen the data path (feet a lot - also became the reason for Socket 8), processing in PPro and PII can be parallel. Slot 1 because it is actually more a force in Multithreading / Multiple Processor. (Unfortunately the O / S has not been a lot of support, dual PII benchmark processorpun by ZDBench more done via Win95 rather than via NT)II. Allows the upgrader Slot 1 without consuming a lot of space on the motherboard because if not ZIF socket 9, could be an area of ​​Form Factor (MB) of his own this space-saving concept has also been there since 8088. Why did also specs out at 286 SIMM? some of which is the efficiency space and simplification of forms.III. Cache module allows the use of more efficient and with high speed balanced with processor speed and again without a lot of eating places, unlike AMD / Cyrix are "forced" to double its cache to rival the speed L1 PII (due to its slow L2) so that the conclusions AMD K6 and Cyrix 6 × 86 in the processor is not fast, but fast cache hit! Because the L2 cache spec Socket7 speed will be limited to only the data bus as fast / slow further if the data bus is busy, but PII next year is planned to operate at 100MHz (66MHz instead of longer). Point is one of the reasons why the intel chipset change from 430 to 440 which means also need to replace the motherboard.

14. On October 6, 1998, Intel Corporation released the fastest version of the dual processor Intel ® Pentium ® II Xeon ™ with a speed of 450 MHz,

 

 designed specifically for use on dual-processor (two-way) workstations and servers. The new processor is expected to be able to build a strong belief that the Pentium ® II Xeon ™ can be received in the market and the processor can be used as the basis for all Workstations and Servers. Dual processor (Dual-processor/two-way) will make the users are not directly move to this new generation of processors, this is due to a variety of complicated problems that have been resolved by the processor-processor such as Mission-Critical History. System vendors that include Compaq, Dell, Fujitsu, Gateway, HP, IBM, Intergraph, NEC, Siemens Nixdorf (SNI), TriStar and UMAX had planned to switch to this new processor that supposedly will take them to the level of data processing is more amazing. "The development of Intel processor technology continues to drive the workings of the computer to even higher levels, resulting in a very rapid expansion in the marketing sector of the Workstation and Servers," explained Anand Chandrasekher, Intel ® Workstation Production Division. "A very encouraging sign for us when the launch of the Pentium ® II processor Xeon ™ into the market, many new consumers are very interested in this processor architecture, therefore launching processor Xeon ™ Pentium ® II 450 MHz speeds, should be able to accelerate the trend development of high-speed processor in the present ". Like the rest of the family of microprocessor Intel ® Inside, the most prominent on the processor Pentium ® II Xeon ™ 450 MHz is Chaches Level 2 (L2) is larger, the speed of data processing, special handling in thermal protection, ability Multiprosessing, and 100-MHz system bus. Intel ® 440GX AGPset for workstations and servers with one or two processors are able to provide support of up to 20-GB memory and AGP Graphics are smoother and more real. These processors also support the development of operating systems like Windows NT (New Technology) for Workstation, Windows NT Servers, Netware and UNIX. Processor Pentium ® II Xeon ™ 450 MHz with 512 KB L2 cache for $ 824, approximately Rp. 5.768 million, - (exchange rate of Rp 7000, - per dollar); Processor Pentium ® II Xeon ™ 450 MHz four-lane (Four-way) if not prevented will be realized in early 1999.15. In 1999, Intel released processors of type Intel ® Pentium ® III Processor.

 Pentium III processor is a processor with an added 70 new instructions that dramatically enhance the ability of high-level imaging, three-dimensional, streaming audio, and video applications as well as voice recognition. Besides, in the same year Intel also released a processor type Intel ® Pentium ® III Xeon ®. Intel is back on sale server and workstation by issuing a series of Pentium III Xeon, but the type that has 70 SIMD command. The advantages of this processor is that it can speed up the processing of information from the system bus to the processor, which also significantly boosting performance. This processor is also designed to be combined with other similar processors.16. In 2000, Intel released processors of type Intel ® Pentium ® 4 Processor. Processor Intel Pentium IV is a product that speeds up the process is capable of penetrating speed of 3.06 GHz. First time out this processor speed 1.5 GHz with 423 pin form factor, then change the form factor Intel processor Intel Pentium 4 a pin 478 which starts from the processor Intel Pentium 4 1.3 GHz speed up the latest that is currently capable of penetrating speed of up to 3 , 4 GHz.17. On August 9, 2006, Intel Corporation launched its Intel Core 2 Duo processors intended for desktop PCs and workstations and laptop consumer and business - processors with technology that can produce better performance, lower power consumption, and usage flexibility for its users. "The new processors are the Core 2 Duo processors in the world," said Paul Otellini, Intel president and CEO. "The last time the industry saw the computer core is made back to the way it was when Intel introduced the Pentium processor. Core 2 Duo desktop processor contains 291 million transistors yet consuming only 40 percent less power and still be able to produce the performance needed for applications of the present and future. "Processor family that has been waiting for has had broad support with more than 550 The computer manufacturing system design - the most in Intel's history. In the end, tens of thousands of businesses will sell computers or components using the processors.Processors Intel Core 2 Duo is built on some high-volume manufacturing facilities and sophisticated in the world using silicon process technology from Intel 64-nanometer. Desktop PC version of the processors also generate increased performance by 40 percent and 40 percent more energy efficient than Intel's previous best processor. According to multiple independent review organizations, the processors win more than nine out of 10 benchmarks the performance of servers, desktop PCs and PC gaming. Family of Intel Core 2 Duo processors consist of a desktop PC processors tailored to the users of business, home, and enthusiast, as players are high-end game, and five mobile PC processors designed to meet the lifestyle needs of mobile . Workstations using the Intel Core 2 Duo will also deliver industry leading performance in terms of design, content creation and technical computing. The processor family is based on Intel Core micro architecture is revolutionary, designed to provide powerful yet energy-efficient. With the power of dual cores, or computing engines, the processors can manage numerous tasks faster. These processors can also work without problems when running more than one application, such as writing e-mails while downloading music or videos and conducting a virus scan. Chip-chip dual-core also improve tasks, such as viewing and playing high-definition video, protecting the PC and its assets during e-commerce transactions, and enabling improved battery life better for notebooks are slimmer and lighter.Consumers and businesses will have the option to purchase processors Intel Core 2 Duo as part of the platform-focused platforms from Intel, which consists of technology-Intel hardware and software technologies tailored to specific computing needs, including Intel vPro technology for businesses, Intel Centrino Duo mobile technology for laptops, and Intel Viiv technology for home users.
Processors Intel Core 2 Duo has many advanced innovations, such as:
a) Intel Wide Dynamic Execution - Improve the performance and efficiency. Each core can complete up to four full instructions simultaneously using an 14-stage pipeline Efficientb) Intel Smart Memory Access - Improving system performance by hiding memory latency, which then optimizes the use of available computer data bandwidth to provide data to the processor when neededc) Intel Advanced Smart Cache - Have an L2 cache or memory reservoir to reduce the sharing of power by minimizing memory "traffic" yet increases performance by allowing one core to utilize the entire cache when the other core is idle. Only Intel provides this capability in all segmentsd) Intel Advanced Digital Media Boost - Effectively doubles the execution speed for instructions used widely in multimedia applications and graphicse) Intel 64 Technology - This enhancement to Intel 32-bit architecture supports 64-bit computing, including enabling the processor to access larger amounts of memoryf) Intel Dynamic Power Coordination - Coordinates Enhanced transitions Intel SpeedStep ® Technology and idle power-management (C-states) independently per core to help save powerg) Intel Dynamic Bus Parking - Enables platform power savings and better battery life by allowing the chipset to power down with the processor in low-frequency modeh) Enhanced Intel Deeper Sleep with Dynamic Cache Sizing - Saves power by "draining" the cache data to system memory during periods of inactivity to lower processor voltages18. In 2008, precisely on August 17, Intel released its newest product is the type of processor Intel Core 2 Extreme Quad Core. The newest product called Core 2 Extreme QX9300 processor with 45W TDP and features give special attention to the cooling or cooling system. The New Intel Core 2 Extreme QX9300 has a 2.53GHz Core clock set on and carried the Front Side Bus or FSB of 1066, and have 12MB of cache memory. The launching of this quad core processors just prior to the scheduled 2hari IDF 2008 started. For the price, The New Core 2 Extreme provides a facility that is promising but relatively low prices offered to the ability of a processor is amazing. The price for this mobile processor range from $ 1038 where the agreement Intel has done little to determine the price of this processor QX9300. For comparison, the Dual Core Mobile Chip with similar features, namely a clock speed of 2.53GHz with a price of $ 340, but his performance 3 times slower when compared to the QX9300. Of course if you want to match the QX9300 then the users will pay higher prices. Based on other sources of Quad Core development team, the development will be conducted to explore the desktop market share.Intel also released the other type of processor that is the name Core 2 Quad Q8200. This processor has a core clock of 2.33GHz and is planned to be introduced in August, exactly on 31. This processor has a FSB or front side bus of 1333 and 4MB of cache memory. Based on the Intel side, the price for this processor in the amount of $ 224, which is the price and the Intel processors have produced thousands of units to be marketed widely. So the Q8200 is a quad-core processor class cheapest processor that carries the line 45nm fabrication technology. Processor Q9300 with a core clock and 2.5GHz Processor Q9400 with 2.66GHz clock marketed at a price of $ 266.Here is a detail of the latest processors from Intel are:A. Name: Intel Core 2 Extreme QX9300· Clock Speed: 2.53GHz· FSB: 1066MHz· Multiplier: 9.5x· L2 Cache: 2 x 6 Mb· TDP: 45, possibly 35W· Socket: no information· Price: $ 10382. Name: Core 2 Quad Q8200· Clock Speed: 2.33GHz· FSB: 1333Mhz· Multiplier: no information· L2 Cache: 4 Mb· TDP: 45· Socket: no information· Price: $ 224

19. Intel recently released their latest products is the Intel Core i7.

 This processor family includes the Nehalem and Bloomfield has a code. Who claimed the fastest processor in the world have already adopted 4 processor and a memory controller DDR3 technology. To use it must use the latest X58 chipset.
In terms of architecture, this processor contains 731 million transistors and is made with a 45nm fabrication process. Although "only" using the L1 cache of 64KB and 256KB of L2cache, but the processor is supported by its use L3cache 8MB of shared to each processor.
Intel will release this product in 3 kinds of speed is 2.66GHz, 2.93GHz and 3.20Ghz. These three products will be sold at a price range $ 285 - $ 999 (with 13 400 rupiah 3819000-13386600 the price range)Here are the detailsCore i7 920 at 284 USD (mainstream)Core i7 940 at 562 USD (performance)Core i7 965 Extreme at 999 USD (enthusiast)The following comparison table 920.940 and 965
Features that exist in i7- Intel Turbo Boost- Intel Virtualization- Enhanced Intel SpeedStep- Executable Disable bit- Intel 64 architectureBesides the above features, there is a significant increase in the- Hyper threading- SSE4.2- Fast, unaligned cache access- Advanced power management- Turbo mode

Tweet

History of computers

Artikel keren lainnya:

Ditulis oleh Unknown pada tanggal